DHM is expected to be a drug for the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases

August 16, 2022

Inflammation plays a crucial role in a variety of diseases, including diabetes, arthritis, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), acute cerebral stroke, cancer, hypertension, and myocardial ischemia. Therefore, we need to solve the problem urgently for the study of inflammation-related diseases. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a flavonoid mainly derived from Nekemias grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) J.Wen and Z.L.Nie (N.grossedentata). DHM possesses many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory (NLRP-3, NF-κB, cytokines, and neuroinflammation), antioxidant, improving mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulating autophagy and so on. In this review, we consulted the studies in the recent 20 years and summarized the mechanism of DHM in inflammation-related diseases. In addition, we also introduced the source, chemical structure, chemical properties, and toxicity of DHM in this review. We aim to deepen our understanding of DHM on inflammation-related diseases, clarify the relevant molecular mechanisms, and find out the problems and solutions that need to be solved urgently. Providing new ideas for DHM drug research and development, as well as broaden the horizons of clinical treatment of inflammation-related diseases in this review. Moreover, the failure of clinical transformation of DHM poses a great challenge for DHM as an inflammation related disease.

FIGURE 1. The chemical structure of DHM.

FIGURE 2. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of DHM. Abbreviations: IL-5, Interleukin-5; IL-13, Interleukin-13; IL-4, Interleukin-4; DHM, Dihydromyricetin; Interleukin-1β; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB.

FIGURE 3. Possible mechanisms of DHM in others expect anti-inflammation. Abbreviations: DHM, Dihydromyricetin; NO, nitric oxide; AKT, protein kinase B; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactiva-tor-1; IRS-1, ginsulin receptor substrate-1; miR-34a, microRNA-34a; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

FIGURE 4. The effects and mechanisms on different inflammatory diseases. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; PH, pulmonary hypertension; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-5, Interleukin-5; IL-13, Interleukin-13; IL-4, Interleukin-4; IL-6, Interleukin-6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; AMPK, Adenosine 5′-monophosphate activated protein; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB; DHM, Dihydromyricetin; SIRT, Sirtuin.